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Post Info TOPIC: The Unholy Bible: A Case Study in Obscene and Perverse Literature


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The Unholy Bible: A Case Study in Obscene and Perverse Literature
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The Unholy Bible: A Case Study in Obscene and Perverse Literature

 


Throughout history, people who have felt that their moral beliefs are superior to those of all who do not think and believe as they do have campaigned and crusaded to censor or destroy books, and more recently movies and music, as part of their declared mission to push their morality on everybody else. The primitive, medieval mindset that conceives and executes book burnings and book banning campaigns is still with us today, and signs of humanity outgrowing this childish and asinine mindset are unfortunately not forthcoming. However, I am convinced that if the Bible had hit bookstore shelves today as a new book that nobody had yet read, many of the same people who campaign to censor and destroy books all over the world would in fact be campaigning to burn and ban the Bible. My aim in this essay is to demonstrate that this is the case.

The Bible is X-rated and obscene, and this is simply irrefutable. In the pages of this revered book, we find vulgar, disgusting and vile passages about eating dung (Isaiah 36:10-13II Kings 18:27Ezekiel 4:12-15), divine threats to spread feces on the faces of those who fail to glorify God (Malachi 2:1-4), cannibalism, and human sacrifice. I provide representative examples of the latter two below.

Cannibalism - II Kings 6:24-30

In this passage, the city of Samaria is besieged by Benhadad the king of Syria, which results in a devastating famine in Samaria. Inflation continues to rise as the siege progresses, until a donkey's head is sold for eighty pieces of silver and quarter of "a cab of dove's dung" is sold for five pieces of silver. One day, as the king of Israel is walking upon a wall of the city, a woman cries to him asking for his help. The king tells her that if God is not able to help them, he certainly will not be able to, but then allows her to tell him her problem. The woman answers with this story: "This woman said unto me, 'Give thy son, that we may eat him to day, and we will eat my son to morrow.' So we boiled my son, and did eat him: and I said unto her on the next day, Give thy son, that we may eat him: and she hath hid her son" (vv. 28-29).

According to this story, at least one woman resorted to killing, boiling and eating her own child because of a plague sent by God. This potently reflects the severity of the situation and the desperation to survive on the part of these women, although there is also a disturbing sense of relish in the way the report is delivered, betraying the voice of the writer of the narrative and not the despairing character herself. But it bears mentioning here that while there is a voluminous amount of creepy and disturbing content in the Bible, the biblical writer may in many such passages be trying to make a point or take a stand against what is being related. There are times in our hermeneutic approach when we must be careful to discern whether characters, events or concepts are being portrayed as good or evil [1].

However, the point I am trying to make here is a different matter. Whether or not, for example, the two women in this tale of cannibalism are villains not acting in accord with the will of the "good," the point is that any book would have been banned or heavily censored for this content if it were found in any other than the Bible [2].

Human Sacrifice - Judges 11:29-40 

This account speaks for itself:
Then the Spirit of the LORD came upon Jephthah, and he passed over Gilead, and Manasseh, and passed over Mizpeh of Gilead, and from Mizpeh of Gilead he passed over unto the children of Ammon.

And Jephthah vowed a vow unto the LORD, and said, "If thou shalt without fail deliver the children of Ammon into mine hands, Then it shall be, that whatsoever cometh forth of the doors of my house to meet me, when I return in peace from the children of Ammon, shall surely be the LORD's, and I will offer it up for a burnt offering."

So Jephthah passed over unto the children of Ammon to fight against them; and the LORD delivered them into his hands. And he smote them from Aroer, even till thou come to Minnith, even twenty cities, and unto the plain of the vineyards, with a very great slaughter. Thus the children of Ammon were subdued before the children of Israel.

And Jephthah came to Mizpeh unto his house, and, behold, his daughter came out to meet him with timbrels and with dances: and she was his only child; beside her he had neither son nor daughter. And it came to pass, when he saw her, that he rent his clothes, and said, "Alas, my daughter! thou hast brought me very low, and thou art one of them that trouble me: for I have opened my mouth unto the LORD, and I cannot go back." And she said unto him, "My father, if thou hast opened thy mouth unto the LORD, do to me according to that which hath proceeded out of thy mouth; forasmuch as the LORD hath taken vengeance for thee of thine enemies, even of the children of Ammon."

And she said unto her father, "Let this thing be done for me: let me alone two months, that I may go up and down upon the mountains, and bewail my virginity, I and my fellows." And he said, "Go." And he sent her away for two months: and she went with her companions, and bewailed her virginity upon the mountains.

And it came to pass at the end of two months, that she returned unto her father, who did with her according to his vow which he had vowed: and she knew no man. And it was a custom in Israel, That the daughters of Israel went yearly to lament the daughter of Jephthah the Gileadite four days in a year.

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Ezekiel 23 paints a potent metaphoric picture of the judgments levied against two harlots named Aholah and Aholibah (who represent Samaria and Jerusalem respectively). While both sisters commit spiritual adultery with the Assyrians, the younger sister Aholibah goes further and becomes a whore of Babylon. Verse 20 of this chapter describes Aholibah's paramours as being endowed with genitals the size of donkeys, and whose emissions are compared to that of horses: "For she doted upon their paramours, whose flesh is as the flesh of asses, and whose issue is like the issue of horses."

This verse is obviously obscene, vile and disgusting in terms of what is being described. Of course, the writer of Ezekiel is not portraying this as something good. But the context is irrelevant in this particular case. The point is that this verse is contained in the Bible, and I am not particularly interested in having the image as given in this verse impressed upon my mind's eye. But avoiding the image is difficult, because reading it compels me to wonder how the writer (and his audience) would even know how much ejaculate a horse produces. I suppose work done in animal husbandry would give one an idea of this, but there is certainly no reason this information should be included in a book that is claimed to be holy and inspired by the all-wise and all-knowing Supreme Being. Now, I do not support censorship of any kind. My only scruple here is in suspecting that very few people, myself included, have any interest in being privy to these details or in discussing them. It is nothing short of baffling to me that people joyfully and willingly hand this book to their children and believe that God will bless those who read it. There are sacrilegious and crude jokes on late-night HBO specials about religion that are far tamer than what is contained in this book.

Thomas Paine once stated that "any system of religion that has anything in it that shocks the mind of a child, cannot be a true system." He was referring specifically to the Bible in this statement, and he makes an excellent point. The Judaeo-Christian scriptures are frequently called the "Good Book" and the "Holy Bible," and a strong case can be made that those who refer to the book using these titles have not read the Bible in its entirety, if at all. After all, even Christians (both fundamentalist and moderate), do not follow the morality of the Bible any longer. Most Christians do not even know what is written in their own holy book, and would readily label as morally objectionable many of the concepts and actions endorsed in its pages if presented in any other context. How many Christians who believe the Bible to be their God's inerrant, infallible and unchanging guide to life have actually followed the Bible's command to take their children to the edge of town if they have been unruly and rebellious and stone them (Deuteronomy 21:18-21Exodus 21:15Leviticus 20:9Mark 7:9-13Matthew 15:4-9)?

It is in light of these considerations that I find news stories such as the one below very fascinating by virtue of its extreme irony. This was reported by Reuters on May 16, 2007:

Hong Kong - More than 800 Hong Kong residents have called on authorities to reclassify the Bible as "indecent" due to its sexual and violent content, following an uproar over a sex column in a university student journal.

A spokesperson for Hong Kong's Television and Entertainment Licensing authority (TELA) said it had received 838 complaints about the Bible by noon Wednesday.

The complaints follow the launch of an anonymous Web site -- www.truthbible.net -- which said the holy book "made one tremble" given its sexual and violent content, including rape and incest.

The Web site said the Bible's sexual content "far exceeds" that of a recent sex column published in the Chinese University's "Student Press" magazine, which had asked readers whether they'd ever fantasized about incest or bestiality.

That column was later deemed "indecent" by the Obscene Articles Tribunal, sparking a storm of debate about social morality and freedom of speech. Student editors of the journal defended it, saying open sexual debate was a basic right.

If the Bible is similarly classified as "indecent" by authorities, only those over 18 could buy the holy book and it would need to be sealed in a wrapper with a statutory warning notice.

TELA said it was still undecided on whether the Bible had violated Hong Kong's obscene and indecent articles laws.

But a local protestant minister shrugged off this possibility.

"If there is rape mentioned in the Bible, it doesn't mean it encourages those activities," said Reverend Wu Chi-wai. "It's just common sense ... I don't think that criticism will have strong support from the public," he added [3].

The next time I hear Christians attack and seek to ban or censor any book, movie or music for containing rape or incest or some such thing, I will definitely be quoting the Reverend Wu Chi-wai, who obviously does not know his Bible. After all, the vast majority of books, movies and music that are attacked by Christians for these reasons do not encourage the activities depicted in any conceivable way. The even greater irony is that this cannot be said about the Bible.

Rape in the Bible

Rape is definitely found in the Bible, and not always in a negative light. There are in fact a number of passages in the Bible which, for all intents and purposes, not only implicitly endorse rape but actually instructpeople to rape. For example, in Numbers 31, God commands Moses and his army of Israelites to kill everyone in Midian (all men, male children, every woman who has known a man and any child still in the womb) but "all the women children that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves" (v. 18). The intent behind this command is not for these girls to bake cookies for the Israelite soldiers! Further, the command is not simply "Thou shalt rape," but apparently that "Thou shalt statutorily rape."

One of the first questions that presents itself is how the soldiers were able to tell who was a virgin and who was not. Simply asking them surely would not have been a very reliable method, since most of the young women who had known a man would presumably catch on quickly enough to say they were virgins in order to avoid certain death. Virginity, it would seem, was never so popular as after that particular battle [4]. Numbers 31:35 gives the total number of virgins captured as booty as 32,000.

When Moses instructed his army to kill the Midianites, he was doing so as a messenger delivering the instructions of God himself (v. 1). Personally, I do not believe that any god exists; if this story actually took place (which I highly doubt), Moses came up with the instructions himself. But for those who believe that God exists and that the Bible is the literal truth by which this God reveals himself, a number of uncomfortable facts simply cannot be avoided: God first killed 24,000 of his own people with a plague in Numbers 25 (that story forms something of a prologue or backstory to the story in Numbers 31), then instructed Moses and his army to head out and destroy an entire tribe and city and to keep 32,000 virgin girls for themselves. God's murder of all the firstborn children of Egypt in Exodus pales in comparison to this, as well as to the destruction of hundreds of tribes and cities he facilitates throughout the Old Testament.

A more blatant and clear example is found in Deuteronomy 21:10-14:
When thou goest forth to war against thine enemies, and the LORD thy God hath delivered them into thine hands, and thou hast taken them captive, And seest among the captives a beautiful woman, and hast a desire unto her, that thou wouldest have her to thy wife: Then thou shalt bring her home to thine house, and she shall shave her head, and pare her nails. And she shall put the raiment of her captivity from off her, and shall remain in thine house, and bewail her father and her mother a full month: and after that, thou shalt go in unto her and be her husband, and she shall be thy wife. And it shall be if thou have no delight in her, then thou shalt let her go whither she will, but thou shalt not sell her at all for money, thou shalt not make merchandise of her, because thou hast humbled her.

Notice that what is described here does not take into account at all what the captive woman's wishes are or what her will is. The Israelite soldier has captured a woman, brought her to his house, given her a month to cry and moan over the death of her family at the hands of this man's army, only to have this man suddenly have sex with her (The term "go in unto her," in the original Hebrew, is a euphemism for sexual penetration). She then becomes his wife, and it does not matter what she might think of it. However, if the woman does not please her captor, he must then let her go wherever she wants, with the stipulation that he cannot sell her for money. The phrase "because thou hast humbled her" refers to the woman being humiliated, which is the reason provided for why she should not be sold as a slave. In other words, the man can **** her but cannot sell her off if he does not enjoy the experience.

This should give pause to the careful reader. Imagine you are a woman whose people have all been killed, and you have been captured and forced to shave your head and clip your nails (to ensure that you will not be able to easily defend yourself, yet another reason why this passage is describing sanctioned rape). You have been allotted one month to mourn the loss of your family, after which your captor, who was in the army that killed your people, comes in and has sex with you. Are you going to make any effort at all to be good in bed? Would not your best course of action be to lie there like a limp rag so that the man is dissatisfied at the end and releases you? Of course, it is possible that the one-month mourning period given to the captive girl before being taken sexually may have been intended for a specific clever purpose. The fostering of what we today know as the Stockholm Syndrome may have been in mind, in which the prisoner comes to appreciate or even love their captors. Regardless, whether it be psychological or purely physical manipulation, the result is the same.

On the other hand, where was a captive maiden supposed to go if she was rejected? Presumably, she is in a strange and unfamiliar land. Even if she were to somehow find her way back to her own land, she would most likely not have a home to return to with her family imprisoned or killed.

In Deuteronomy 22:23-27, we find this gem of a law:
If a damsel that is a virgin be betrothed unto an husband, and a man find her in the city, and lie with her: Then ye shall bring them both out unto the gate of that city, and ye shall stone them with stones that they die; the damsel, because she cried not, being in the city; and the man, because he hath humbled his neighbour's wife. So thou shalt put away evil from among you. But if a man find a betrothed damsel in the field, and the man force her, and lie with her: then the man only that lay with her, shall die. But unto the damsel thou shalt do nothing, there is in the damsel no sin worthy of death: for as when a man riseth against his neighbour, and slayeth him, even so is this matter. For he found her in the field, and the betrothed damsel cried, and there was none to save her.

This law is fairly straightforward: If a betrothed virgin is seduced in the city, she is absolutely required to cry out. If she does so, that act constitutes rape. If she does not cry out, it constitutes consent and she is thus guilty of a crime punishable by death along with the man. Notice again the term "hath humbled," which refers to rape. But if they are outside the city, isolated from any other people, and the man forces himself onto the virgin, then only the assailant is to be stoned to death since there was no one around to hear the girl cry out.

This law is decidedly unjust, as it does not take into account a number of possible circumstances beyond a woman's control. If a woman is raped within city limits, she may be gagged by her assailant to render it impossible for her to cry out or threatened with even greater harm to render it dangerous to cry out. In either circumstance, the woman will still be condemned to death by stoning. Such a nonsensical law could surely not originate from an all-knowing, all-wise God.

Deuteronomy 22:28-29 is another example of equally shoddy law design:
If a man find a damsel that is a virgin, which is not betrothed, and lay hold on her, and lie with her, and they be found: Then the man that lay with her, shall give unto the damsel's father fifty shekels of silver, and she shall be his wife, because he hath humbled her: he may not put her away all his days.

In other words, if a man wants a woman and she does not want him, he can rape her and then subsequently buy her to be his wife as the penalty by paying fifty shekels of silver to her father. All the rapist has to do to get away with the act and score a wife is pay his victim's father. The woman in this situation is now not only property to be traded, but has no rights and no input. That which is specifically classified as rape even in this text has now become a viable means of ugly trolls obtaining an otherwise non-consenting and uninterested wife whom he cannot keep his penis out of.

To be as fair as possible, the viable means of getting away with rape and getting a wife at the same time may be an unintended consequence of very bad law design. The intent of the formulators of this law was most likely not to provide an incentive to rape, although this was a very probable result. From my informed point of view, the writers of this law had the mindset that once a woman has been raped by a man, no other man is going to want her because she is no longer pure. The best course of action in their mind was to allow the rapist to have his victim as wife for the price of fifty silver shekels. The point we can take from this instance of biblical law is that an all-knowing and all-wise God would certainly never devise such a statute [5].

Jesus' Temple Tantrum 

The Bible-believer cannot hide or disguise these things by pointing out passages about turning the other cheek and the meek inheriting the earth (and why would those who are truly meek even want to inherit the earth?) The commonly-used retort that the Jesus of the Gospels disavowed Old Testament barbarism and made its obscene laws null and void is faulty as well. In Matthew 5:17-18, the words attributed to Jesus are: "Think not that I am come to destroy the law or the Prophets. I am not come to destroy, but to fulfill. For verily I say unto you, Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle, shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled."

In direct contradiction to the very words attributed to him, Jesus is reported in the Gospels to have directly violated all manner of statutes laid out in the Mosaic law, especially those laws concerning the Sabbath. In addition, a number of passages in the Gospels give the lie to the notion that Jesus was a meek and mild sage with a gentle, shepherd-like disposition. The most striking example of this is the scene in John's Gospel in which Jesus makes a scourge and heads into the Temple to chase out all the money changers and the livestock. This story appears in all four of the Gospels, but in the three Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark and Luke), there is no mention of him actually making a scourge and using it as a tool to drive people out of the Temple. These three Gospels only mention Jesus overturning tables.

By contrast, John 2:15 describes the scene with this added detail: "And when he had made a scourge of small cords, he drove them all out of the Temple, and the sheep and the oxen, and poured out the changers' money, and overthrew the tables ..."

It is important to compare this account with the other three. The Synoptic Gospels' version of this story convey the distinct sense that Jesus' action was a spur-of-the-moment situation in which he simply became irate to the point of righteous anger and threw all the moneychangers out. But in John's account, Jesus makes his own scourge, and this takes a significant amount of time and premeditation. The implication of John's story is that Jesus had to become angry, stop what he was doing at the moment, leave to manufacture a cat o' nine tails, and then head back to the Temple to do his dirty work. It is fascinating to note that the original Greek word used to describe Jesus' scourge is phragellion, which literally means a "whip of rushes or ropes." This is the same Greek word used in Mark 15:15 and Matthew 27:26 (in the verb form phragellOsas) to describe the scourging of Jesus during his Passion ordeal. This is how we can be fairly certain that the writer of John's version of the temple cleansing intended to describe what has come to be called a cat o' nine tails when writing about Jesus' weapon of choice. If the reader has seen Mel Gibson's film The Passion of the Christ, he or she undoubtedly recalls Jesus' flesh being ripped to shreds by such a whip until being reduced to what looks in the film like hamburger meat. What damage might Jesus have wreaked on the people in the Temple with such a bloody device?

But there is even more to this story than I have so far unraveled. Most biblical historians agree that this act on the part of Jesus must certainly have been the deed that signed his death warrant. The Roman authorities and the priestly aristocracy on their payroll likely came to an agreement that this revolutionary had to be taken out of the picture [6]. If this incident occurred at all, it would have taken place in the form of a massive riot. The passage relevant to this striking detail is Mark 11:16, which reads: "And [Jesus] would not suffer that any man should carry any vessel through the Temple." The vessels referred to here, which Jesus was not allowing any person to carry into the Temple, are sacrificial vessels. The Greek word translated "vessels" in this verse is skeuos, which specifies the sacred vessels that were used in the Temple. This means that Jesus must have had to commandeer all entrances to the Temple, which was more than three football fields in size! In order to carry out this cleansing, Jesus would have had bring in a large armed group, a small army even, and withstand the many Roman guards posted throughout the Temple at all times, precisely in case something of this nature should happen! After all, the national treasury was located in the Temple along with banking facilities, and thus would have attracted experienced criminals. S.G.F. Brandon, the late scholar of comparative religion, thus argued that the author of Mark's Gospel was attempting to tone down what must have been a violent military raid on the Temple by Jesus and his small army by portraying the event as one in which Jesus merely becomes irritated at the commercialism of petty traders [7]. This watered-down and sanitized portrayal accounts for the ubiquitous conception of this event as one in which Jesus throws over a few cardtables in a church basement rummage sale.

The apologist will be quick to point out that the account does not say that Jesus actually hit anybody or physically harmed them in any way. Perhaps he did not, but the odds speak differently in my estimation. If a man comes charging angrily into the Temple, backed by a small army and shaking what we today would call a cat o' nine tails, he would very likely have to hit at least one person in order to chase the lot of them away from their business. In fact, an individual or group effort to interfere with legitimate and necessary business transactions would be met by violent opposition immediately. But even if he did not strike a single person, it would certainly not have been for lack of intention, given the time and resources that went in to making the scourge himself. It is highly doubtful that he would have gone to that trouble if not to threateningly swing the whip around. Whether he struck anybody or not, this is certainly not what one would expect of a peaceful individual. Thus, there are discrepancies between the kind of person Jesus is portrayed to be in the Gospels and the kind of person Christians have traditionally understood him to be. John's version of the Cleansing of the Temple directly contradicts the doctrines we are accustomed to hearing from Christians when they preach about the "Prince of Peace."

Conclusion 

Having explored the Bible as an example of obscene and perverse literature, we should conclude by asking ourselves if the Bible qualifies as good or great literature. My contention is that the Bible does not qualify as such. There is certainly fascinating content in the Bible, and that I do not deny. I have studied the Bible a great deal, and I highly enjoy these studies as an intellectual interest. Figuring out what ancient peoples and cultures believed and trying to gain a sense of what ideas the ancient writers of scriptures were originally trying to convey is an academic exercise I enjoy immensely.

That being said, it is simply undeniable that the Bible is an obscene and perverse book. Matt Dillahunty, president of the Atheist Community of Austin and host of The Atheist Experience show, has often issued the challenge I myself am about to put on the table and issue to anyone who disagrees with me on this point: If you believe the Bible is a good and wholesome book full of moral insight, will you allow me to read a Bible passage of my choosing to your young children?

I suspect I will never have any takers on this challenge. But if any dissenter does ever take me up on the challenge, I would have to decline to prove him or her wrong by reading an obscene passage. This is because I have far more respect for young children than their parents do who teach them that the Bible is perfect and should be their moral guide, and the last thing I want to do is pollute young minds with this garbage. Instead, I would most likely choose to read passages from the Book of Ecclesiastes, which was written by a non-believer and is by far the Bible's best book and my personal favorite. There are certainly parts of the Bible that may qualify as great literature (Ecclesiastes and several of the Psalms come to mind as examples). There are parts of the Bible that can enlighten, entertain and perhaps even raise one's consciousness level.

But considered as a whole, the Bible falls far short of the standard of great literature. And nobody needs the Bible for enlightenment, entertainment or consciousness-raising. These things can be gleaned from any number of authors who write inspiring works. Read any book by Mark Twain, for example, who never fails to deliver all three of these elements far better than anything found in the Bible. Speaking for myself, I learned far more inspiring and beautiful things from Voltaire and David Hume (the two philosophers with whom I identify the most) than I did from the Bible. Maya Angelou has written far better poetry than is found in the Psalms or Song of Solomon. Charles Darwin's seminal 1859 work The Origin of Species is of far greater importance than the Book of Genesis (or anything else in the Bible for that matter). Contrary to what many people think, Darwin wrote as far more than just a naturalist who collected scientific observations into a book. Darwin wrote surprisingly beautiful prose on the human condition and on his departure from belief in The Origin of Species. On this note, Darwin's autobiography is also a must-read.

Christians who revere the Bible and consider it to be the perfect work of God may confront me by asking who I am to pass judgment on God's book. Who am I to decide whether the "written word of God" is a good moral guide or not? In answering this question, I would like to adopt their framework of belief, to meet them where they stand, so to speak. According to the Bible, I am a creation of God and I was endowed by this God with a functioning brain. That is the reason I am justified in judging the merits of the book God allegedly authored and inspired. Moreover, every single Christian who asks me who I am to judge God and his word also judges their God. A consistent person simply cannot judge God's good actions and choose not to judge God's bad actions. This is called hypocrisy; what I aim to do is evaluate both the good and the bad, and make a reasoned determination from that evaluation. The reason most Christians are bound to object to this essay is because I have not limited my focus to the fluffy, feel-good elements of the "Holy" Bible.


NOTES

1. Many people who are quick to attack a work of literature for what they perceive to be offensive content fail to take into account the possibility that the author may be trying to portray the offensive content in a negative light, not in an endorsing manner but rather to portray such things as villainous or evil. For example, conservative Christians who attack J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series have often quoted a line from the first novel in the series, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone, as evidence that the books promote an amoral worldview: "There is no good and evil, there is only power." What they are either not aware of or are lying about is the fact that this line comes from Lord Voldemort, who is the main villain of the series!

2. Other biblical references to cannibalism include Leviticus 26:29Deuteronomy 28:53-57Isaiah 9:19-20,49:26Jeremiah 19:9Lamentations 4:10Ezekiel 5:8-1024:10-12Micah 3:2-3 and Zechariah 11:9.

3. Reuters, "Bible Drawn Into Sex Publication Controversy," Reuters 16 May 2007,http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSHKG26218320070516 (accessed 25 March 2011).

4. In the modern-day Christian subculture, pious young adults often take pacts to remain celibate until marriage, or even to remain celibate for good after becoming a born-again believer. For either case, a faith-based abstinence program called the "Silver Ring Thing" is marketed to Christian teens and young adults, who wear a silver ring on the ring finger of their left hand as a token and reminder of their vow to remain virgins. Seeing these rings on people now always makes me think of this Numbers 31 passage, rather than the I Thessalonians 4:3-4 passage that is inscribed on the rings.

5. A slight variation on this law is given in Exodus 22:16-17, which takes into account situations in which the father of the violated girl refuses to give his daughter to her seducer. In this case, paying a monetary price for the girl to be had as wife is still instituted as something the father must accept, but the price here is set as "according to the dowry of virgins" and not specified as fifty shekels of silver.

6. Mark 11:18: "And the Scribes and chief Priests heard it, and sought how they might destroy him: for they feared him, because all the people was astonished at his doctrine." In the very next verse, Mark adds the interesting note that Jesus left the city in the evening, clearly with the intention of avoiding inevitable nocturnal arrest. See also Mark 12:12.

7. S.G.F. Brandon, The Trial of Jesus of Nazareth (New York: Stein and Day Publishers, 1968), pp. 83-85.

 


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How Religion Kills: The Fatal Exorcism in Maryland

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One of the most prevailing questions directed toward scientific skeptics who criticize religion, paranormal beliefs, and pseudoscientific quackery is “What’s the harm in allowing people to believe in what they want, even if their beliefs are not evidently true?” This question is often asked rhetorically by believers or those who sympathize with the believers’ cause. But when expressed honestly, the question reflects a concern for the well-being of oneself and for other people, and is thus an important question to address.

When popes sanction the rite of exorcism, there is potential for great harm to be done in the lives of any of the 1 billion people on this planet who affiliate or otherwise associate themselves on some level with the Catholic Church. One out of every seven people in the world believes that demons, angels, devils, and other fantastical creatures actually exist now or did exist. Not only that, but most of these people rigidly follow the tenets and doctrines of the Church as a guide to daily life. This means that the medieval belief in the legitimacy and effectiveness of the violent, abusive, tortuous and sometimes fatal practice of exorcism is still alive and well even in the 21st century. And as we will see, the belief in and practice of exorcism occasionally finds its way into Protestant and other non-Catholic denominations.

In Germantown, Maryland, which is located about 20 miles northwest of Washington, D.C., 28-year-old Zakieya Latrice Avery and an accomplice are being held on charges of first-degree murder for the stabbing death of Avery’s one year-old son Norell and two year-old daughter Zyana. The deaths were the result of an exorcism the two women performed on the toddlers. Avery’s two other children, 5 year-old Taniya and 8 year-old Martello, were injured in the same incident but managed to escape with wounds.

According to John McCarthy, a Montgomery County prosecutor, the mother “believed that demonic spirits were jumping from one child to the next and that she had to keep attacking them.” The preferred tool for the exorcism was a knife:

During the stabbings, the women would later tell detectives, they saw the children’s eyes turn black and a black cloud over at least one of the children.

The women appear to have washed the bodies of the youngest two children before wrapping them in blankets, believing that they needed to be clean when they reached heaven and saw God, McCarthy said.

The prosecutor also testified that Avery allegedly founded a four-person group called “Demon Assassins” and assumed the title of “commander.” Her accomplice, 21 year-old Monifa Denise Sanford, was the group’s “sergeant.” Avery and Sanford believed that by forming the group, they were ensuring that evil would not take over their lives. Their purpose and goal was to rid themselves of devils and evil spirits.

Captain Marcus Jones of the Montgomery County police department told The Baltimore Sun, “This was all about what was in their minds. They felt like there was something bad going on with the children, and they were trying to release it.” Montgomery County police are currently searching for two men who are believed to be the other members of Avery’s group.

The latest word on this story is that the two accused women are scheduled to undergo court-ordered psychiatric evaluation to determine if they are competent to stand trial. But regardless of what the determination ends up being, Avery and Sanford should not be the only people held to account for this tragic incident. We should ask how thoughts of demonic possession enter a person’s mind in the first place. And to answer that, investigators should be asking the local churches what they have to say on the matter. Should the church these women attended be deemed partially responsible for their actions?

Maranatha Brethren Church

Some news outlets did make the effort to visit the church Avery and Sanford attended to get answers. Credit is due to Maryland news outlet WHAG for uncovering the following:

The disturbing story has a local tie. The woman accused in the incident used to attend a church in Hagerstown.

Germantown resident Zakieya Avery and her four children used to attend the Maranatha Brethren Church on Scott Hill Drive. On Friday [January 17], Montgomery County Police say the 28-year-old stabbed two of her children to death and wounded two others while attempting to perform an exorcism. . . .

WHAG reached out to the Maranatha Brethren Church in Hagerstown on Monday who did not want to speak on camera, but said they were shocked and horrified by the murders.

The Maranatha Brethren Church in Hagerstown, Maryland is a member of the Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches, a larger set of congregations that exist in the country. The Fellowship is very conservative theologically, which means that strict adherence to doctrine is expected of members. Article III of the FGBC Constitution declares that their congregations “are united in accepting the Holy Scriptures as the sole guide and authority in all matters of faith, doctrine and practice.” According to the Fellowship’s Statement of Faith, they believe that Christians are called to a “life of righteousness, good works and separation unto God from the evil ways of the world.” This life of righteousness includes “maintaining the sanctity of the home.” They also believe in the literal existence of Satan as “the great adversary of God and His people,” and that humankind has fallen into sin.

Natalie Sherman of The Baltimore Sun reported on another development regarding Avery’s church community, writing, “A pastor at the Maranatha Brethren Church in Hagerstown told The Washington Post that members of the church drove her to mental health sessions during the time she was living there.”

So apparently, at least some of the members of Avery’s church were aware that the woman had serious mental issues. Why else would they be driving her to mental health sessions? I contend that Maranatha Brethren Church shares at least some level of responsibility for the exorcism murders of January 17, 2014. While the church is certainly not to be blamed directly, they have done Avery a grave disservice by exposing her to concepts such as demon possession and encouraging her, if only latently, that present-day exorcisms are something other than what they are: a modern form of medieval torture.

The Blurry Line between Mental Illness and Religious Belief

Any interaction between preexisting mental illness and belief in the efficacy of exorcism is combustible and sure to be disastrous. As far as consequences go, there may be no difference in telling a mentally ill person that demonic possession exists and handing the same mentally ill person a loaded gun. Professional psychologists and psychiatrists will affirm that telling a person with a delusional disorder such as schizophrenia that his or her delusions are real is a potentially devastating mistake. The doctrines espoused by Maranatha Brethren Church may not constitute the sole cause of the murderous actions Avery took, but they did exert an influence on her that was not healthy. Otherwise sane people in positions of religious authority who believe in demonic possession and exorcism are guilty of reinforcing and sanctioning the delusions of people who really do suffer from psychotic disorders.

This raises an important question: Is there a clearly-drawn line separating the person who merely adheres to a religious belief system and somebody who has an independently diagnosable mental illness? These conditions are situated differently, but only by a matter of degree. The otherwise-sane religious believer in exorcism and the schizophrenic who applies that belief in practice both suffer from the same delusion. The only distinction is that one applies belief to life situations while the other does not.

There are clear similarities between the case of Zakieya Avery and that of Andrea Yates, the Texas woman who in June of 2001 drowned her five young children in the sincere but delusional belief that it was better to kill them while young and below the age of spiritual accountability. The unacceptable alternative, in Yates’ mind, was to risk allowing them the opportunity to grow up and potentially reject God as adults, causing them to end up in torment for all eternity. Yates took her belief to its consistent and logical conclusion, and this is the only difference between her and any other Christian who shares Yates’ delusional belief in the reality of eternal hellfire for all spiritually-accountable unbelievers.

The Avery exorcism murders case is still in its early stages, and we do not know the full details concerning the specific diagnoses that will be made and the extent to which mental illness on the one hand and religious belief on the other played a role in the women’s behavior. But it is reasonable to predict that mental illness and religious belief will turn out to be closely intertwined in this case. Even if a line of demarcation can be drawn between the two conditions, this incident undeniably demonstrates that great harm to innocent people can occur when superstitious beliefs are instilled in a community. There will always be unstable people in the world who will respond the way Avery and Sanford did.



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Calls to ban “obscene” Bible in Hong Kong

sealed bible

Hong Kong’s Television and Entertainment Licensing Authority (TELA) has received over 800 complaints about the Bible. Campaigners are hoping to have the Holy Book reclassified as “indecent”, which would mean only those over 18 could buy it and it would need to be sealed in a wrapper with a statutory warning notice.

The campaign seems to have been started when an article in a student newspaper asking readers if they had ever fantasised about incest or bestiality was deemed “indecent” by the Obscene Articles Tribunal. A website, Truth Bible, was set up detailing the various acts of violence and pornography contained in God’s Perfect Message To The World, as well as its numerous contradictions, absurdities, failed prophecies, inaccuracies and plagiarisms. The website is in Chinese, but has a disclaimer in English in its masthead:

LEGAL DISCLAIMER WARNING: THIS WEBSITE CONTAINS BIBLE MATERIAL WHICH MAY OFFEND AND MAY NOT BE DISTRIBUTED, CIRCULATED, SOLD, HIRED, GIVEN, LENT, SHOWN, PLAYED OR PROJECTED TO A PERSON UNDER THE AGE OF 18 YEARS

TELA in as yet undecided on whether or not to rule against Yahweh’s Inerrant Word, but a local protestant minister is phlegmatic:

If there is rape mentioned in the Bible, it doesn’t mean it encourages those activities. It’s just common sense … I don’t think that criticism will have strong support from the public.

UPDATE (May 18) A passing commenter informs us that complaints about the Bible have now exceeded 2,000 (the student paper received only around 200), but TELA has so far refused to refer the case to a tribunal. Complaints have been made to an ombudsman about TELA’s double standards.

UPDATE: (May 19) The Telegraph today confirms yesterday’s update. The reason given for exonerating the Bible was:

The Bible is a religious text which is part of civilisation. It has been passed from generation to generation

 

9 Responses to “Calls to ban “obscene” Bible in Hong Kong”

  1. Marc says:

    I’d love an English translation of that site!

     
  2. Joe says:

    Judges 21:10-24

    They told the men of Benjamin who still needed wives, “Go and hide in the vineyards. When the women of Shiloh come out for their dances, rush out from the vineyards, and each of you can take one of them home to be your wife! And when their fathers and brothers come to us in protest, we will tell them, ‘Please be understanding. Let them have your daughters, for we didn’t find enough wives for them when we destroyed Jabesh-gilead. And you are not guilty of breaking the vow since you did not give your daughters in marriage to them.’” So the men of Benjamin did as they were told. They kidnapped the women who took part in the celebration and carried them off to the land of their own inheritance.

    Numbers 31:7-18

    Moses, Eleazar the priest, and all the leaders of the people went to meet them outside the camp. But Moses was furious with all the military commanders who had returned from the battle. “Why have you let all the women live?” he demanded. “These are the very ones who followed Balaam’s advice and caused the people of Israel to rebel against the LORD at Mount Peor. They are the ones who caused the plague to strike the LORD’s people. Now kill all the boys and all the women who have slept with a man. Only the young girls who are virgins may live; you may keep them for yourselves.

    Deuteronomy 20:10-14

    As you approach a town to attack it, first offer its people terms for peace. If they accept your terms and open the gates to you, then all the people inside will serve you in forced labor. But if they refuse to make peace and prepare to fight, you must attack the town. When the LORD your God hands it over to you, kill every man in the town. But you may keep for yourselves all the women, children, livestock, and other plunder. You may enjoy the spoils of your enemies that the LORD your God has given you.

    and so on.

    So the Bible is actually quite explicit on the notion that God’s chosen can rape at will.

     
  3. passer-by says:

    For people around the world who are interested in this news, you may wish to know that Hong Kong’s Obscene Articles Tribunal is capable of making crazy rulings. In 1995, it actually classified a picture showing Michelangelo’s statue of David as indecent (which was only overturned on appeal).

    The present controversy sparked off when some hypocrite newspapers (themselves publishing erotic contents daily) and conservative moralistic organizations (some related to the fundamentalist church) condemned the university’s student publication for the sex contents, intensified by the government tribunal’s classification of it as indecent, which will bring criminal consequence to the student editors. This aroused the anger of a sizable public and in particular some activists on the internet who initiated this campaign. Having read the ‘offensive’ contents of both, I think it is fair to say that some descriptions in the bible are indeed more explicit than those in the student publication.

    The number of complaints against the bible has now exceeded 2,000 (while the student press has received about 200 complaints), but the TELA has declined to refer the bible to the tribunal for classification. The outcome may seem sensible but again it provokes criticisms of double standard. People are now lodging complains to the Ombudsman against the TELA’s inconsistent decisions.

     
  4. Monitor says:

    Thanks, passer-by. Please do keep us informed.

     
  5. Marc says:

    Cheers Joe (2). I must look up the rest of them. I was aware of a couple but this really proves the point I have been making elsewhere and getting censored for.

     
  6. ZombieHunter says:

    HA how ****ing ironic, any other time it’s christians going around banning things because of their violent/ satanic / sexual content.

     
  7. Siaran says:

    Old testament quotes should be separated from New Testament Christians who are supposed to follow Jesus commands and teaching:
    Love one another as I loved you
    Hate the sin but love the sinner
    Don’t cast the first stone (judge) unless blameless!
    Go into the world & make disciples to carry on this peaceful message.
    Many Jews were waiting for a bloodythirsty messiah who would battle it out with the Romans, slay then all and give them all the goodies!

    Sadly there were historic Christians with Old testament tendencies and many who find it hard to seperate sin from sinner. That many use religion as an excuse for a good bun fight in the same way as some do with football matches is wrong and not what the New testament teaches.

    The Old testament has things in it that I would not want my children to read. The new testament has Jesus being crucified, Stephen being stoned and Andrew tortured to death on a cross. Still I would not want the Bible sold underwraps like other pornographic or violent literature – although on second thoughts – such restrictions would probably make it more widely sort after & read! Such is the perversity of human nature.

     
  8. Andy A says:

    No, of course the Bible shouldn’t be sold under wraps, Siaran, but there seems to be plenty of need for it to carry a warning and some parental guidance, just as you might see on some websites, on some publications and at the start of some TV programmes, e.g. ‘This programme has strong language from the start and also deals with adult themes, and features scenes of a sexual and violent nature’ (my stab at a half-remembered wording). What’s being taken to task here, and quite rightly, is the sheer hypocricy of those in authority who can quite happily look the other way when the Bible is in the dock, but show a titty or a willy or talk about S&M in a magazine and it’s jail time or big fines.

     
  9. Thumper the Bunny says:

    Aw, c’mon! It takes a perverted mind to think the “spoils of war” (women, animals) are for SEXUAL purposes…this is in the days when washing machines, threshing machines, plows, and ovens were people or animals. Those women were useful for making cloth, baking bread, grinding grain…oops, I slipped over into the animalia…plowing fields, hauling the cloth, wood, and veggies to market or home from somewhere.

    The Baalam believers would toss babies into a bake oven in hopes their smoke would appease the gods. That’s those women. The laws of not intermarrying to keep a bloodline clean was more to keep such rituals at bay. Taking a woman home, was not for sexual slavery (hello all you people with too many electronic toys and speed dials for take-out food…)…see that purity word there and the virgins? A focused and pure lifestyle was being promulgated–not regulated: that is your own military (cretin)mind set.



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Banning the Bible

A very entertaining story has come out of Hong Kong recently. After the Hong Kong goverment’s “Obscene Articles Tribunal” censored a Chinese student magazine as “indecent” for publishing a sex column asking if readers had ever fantasized about incest or bestiality, over 800 residents protested by calling on the government to classify the Bible as indecent also. (Such material is not outright barred from publication, but must be sold in sealed bags with a legal warning and can only be sold to those over the age of 18.) Unfortunately, though not surprisingly, the government later announced it would not do this.

I do not advocate banning or censoring any book, including the Bible. But if sexual content is considered a reason to officially classify a book as “indecent”, then the Bible should be the very first book to be classified in that category. It contains much of the very same kind of content that got the magazine censored, including incest:

“And Lot went up out of Zoar, and dwelt in the mountain, and his two daughters with him…. And the firstborn said unto the younger, Our father is old, and there is not a man in the earth to come in unto us after the manner of all the earth: Come, let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie with him, that we may preserve seed of our father.

And they made their father drink wine that night: and the firstborn went in, and lay with her father; and he perceived not when she lay down, nor when she arose…. and the younger arose, and lay with him; and he perceived not when she lay down, nor when she arose. Thus were both the daughters of Lot with child by their father.”

—Genesis 19:30-36

and even bestiality:

“And if a man lie with a beast, he shall surely be put to death: and ye shall slay the beast. And if a woman approach unto any beast, and lie down thereto, thou shalt kill the woman, and the beast: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them.”

—Leviticus 20:15-16

In addition, there’s much other content in the Bible that is at least as bad or worse. The Bible contains numerous mentions of public nudity (Mark 14:51-52), rape (Genesis 19:8), sexual slavery (Deuteronomy 21:10-13), polygamy (Deuteronomy 21:15), sexual abuse (Judges 19:25), exhibitionism (Isaiah 20:3), and other transgressions. Some of these incidents are presented as sins to be condemned, but many are recorded with approval or even endorsed as God’s will. If this material is considered unsuitable for children or worthy of censorship, then the Bible should unquestionably be classified as such, despite the Hong Kong regulators’ inconsistent refusal to do so. The freethinkers responsible for this brilliantly exposed the government’s double standard.

Less censorship is always a good thing. I think obscenity or indecency, when used as an excuse to ban any kind of material, are code words for inexcusable tyranny. Adults should be able to seek out any form of expression they are interested in, including sexual expression, so long as only consenting and mature adults are involved in its production. However, I think it’s certainly reasonable to limit children’s access to material that is age-appropriate. The dilemma for religious people who agree is that much of their own scripture inescapably falls under the same standard. The Bible contains not only extensive sexuality, but vast amounts of gruesome violence, hatred, and terrifying images of suffering and torture, as bad as or worse than many of the most frequently challenged books. Religious parents who fight to censor these books are being hypocritical by giving a pass to the even worse material in their own holy text.

The dilemma for freethinkers is that the Bible also unquestionably is the inspiration for much of our civilization’s great literature, and education on comparative religion is an excellent way to make students culturally aware and broad-minded. It would be wrong to ban the Bible altogether, but if we expose children to only the good parts, we will be giving them a skewed and misleading idea of what the book as a whole contains – which is exactly the way it is now. Therefore, I think any good course on the Bible as literature should span several years, gradually introducing students to the book’s entire content in an age-appropriate way. Unsavory, though relatively less violent, thematic stories like the Fall from Eden could be introduced early on, working up to the more complex and graphic material. Teaching a balanced view of what the Bible contains, both the good and the bad, would end the unmerited and often uninformed worship of this book’s contents.



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Bible Possession Once Banned by the Catholic Church-1

 
ITEM #1 POPE INNOCENT III

Pope Innocent III stated in 1199:

... to be reproved are those who translate into French the Gospels, the letters of Paul, the psalter, etc. They are moved by a certain love of Scripture in order to explain them clandestinely and to preach them to one another. The mysteries of the faith are not to explained rashly to anyone. Usually in fact, they cannot be understood by everyone but only by those who are qualified to understand them with informed intelligence. The depth of the divine Scriptures is such that not only the illiterate and uninitiated have difficulty understanding them, but also the educated and the gifted (Denzinger-Schönmetzer, Enchiridion Symbolorum 770-771)

Source: Bridging the Gap - Lectio Divina, Religious Education, and the Have-not's by Father John Belmonte, S.J.

ITEM #2 COUNCIL OF TOULOUSE - 1229 A.D.

The Council of Toulouse, which met in November of 1229, about the time of the crusade against the Albigensians, set up a special ecclesiastical tribunal, or court, known as the Inquisition (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry), to search out and try heretics. Twenty of the forty-five articles decreed by the Council dealt with heretics and heresy. It ruled in part:

Canon 1. We appoint, therefore, that the archbishops and bishops shall swear in one priest, and two or three laymen of good report, or more if they think fit, in every parish, both in and out of cities, who shall diligently, faithfully, and frequently seek out the heretics in those parishes, by searching all houses and subterranean chambers which lie under suspicion. And looking out for appendages or outbuildings, in the roofs themselves, or any other kind of hiding places, all which we direct to be destroyed.

Canon 6. Directs that the house in which any heretic shall be found shall be destroyed.

Canon 14. We prohibit also that the laity should be permitted to have the books of the Old or New Testament; unless anyone from motive of devotion should wish to have the Psalter or the Breviary for divine offices or the hours of the blessed Virgin; but we most strictly forbid their having any translation of these books.

Source: Heresy and Authority in Medieval Europe, Edited with an introduction by Edward Peters, Scolar Press, London, copyright 1980 by Edward Peters, ISBN 0-85967-621-8, pp. 194-195, citing S. R. Maitland, Facts and Documents [illustrative of the history, doctrine and rites, of the ancient Albigenses & Waldenses], London, Rivington, 1832, pp. 192-194.

Additional Sources:

Ecclesiastical History of Ancient Churches of the Albigenses, Pierre Allix, published in Oxford at the Clarendon Press in 1821, reprinted in USA in 1989 by Church History Research & Archives, P.O. Box 38, Dayton Ohio, 45449, p. 213 [Canon 14].

The History of Protestantism, by J. A. Wiley, chapter 10 cites:

Concilium Tolosanum, cap. 1, p. 428. Sismondi, 220.
Labbe, Concil. Tolosan., tom. 11, p. 427. Fleury, Hist. Eccles., lib. 79, n. 58.
Some Catholics may doubt that there even was a Church Council in Toulouse France in 1229. The following quotes are offered as corroborating evidence:

After the death of Innocent III, the Synod of Toulouse directed in 1229 its fourteenth canon against the misuse of Sacred Scripture on the part of the Cathari: "prohibemus, ne libros Veteris et Novi Testamenti laicis permittatur habere" (Hefele, "Concilgesch", Freiburg, 1863, V, 875).

Source: The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article on Scripture.

In France Louis VIII decreed in 1226 that persons excommunicated by the diocesan bishop, or his delegate, should receive "meet punishment" (debita animadversio). In 1249 Louis IX ordered barons to deal with heretics according to the dictates of duty (de ipsis faciant quod debebant). A decree of the Council of Toulouse (1229) makes it appear probable that in France death at the stake was already comprehended as in keeping with the aforesaid debita animadversio.

Source: The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article on the Inquisition.

... the Council of Toulouse (1229) entrusted the Inquisition, which soon passed into the hands of the Dominicans (1233), with the repression of Albigensianism. The heresy disappeared about the end of the fourteenth century.

Source: The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article on the Albigenses.

1229 - The Inquisition of Toulouse imposed by Albigensian Crusaders forbids laymen to read the Bible.

Source: The People's Chronology, Revised and updated, by James Trager, Copyright 1992, 1994, published by Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 0-8050-3134-0, New York, page 108.

In 1229, when the Council of Toulouse assembled to survey and regulate the results of the Albigensian Crusade, its canons reflected the severity of ecclesiastical discipline in an area in which the inability to eradicate heresy had led to profound secular and ecclesiastical consequences. The first canon of the Council insists upon the appointment of the traditional testes synodales, but these now have new powers of actively searching out the hiding places of heretics; condemned heretics who repent must be moved to orthodox places to live, and they must wear conspicuously colored crosses on their garments to publicly indicate their penitential status; certain professions were closed to those even suspected of heresy.

Source: Inquisition, by Edward Peters, published by University of California Press, Berkley and Los Angeles, Copyright 1988 by the Free Press, a division of Macmillan, Inc., ISBN 0-520-06630-8, page 51.

In the same year [1229], the Council of Toulouse set up a special court of permanent judges to search out and try heretics. But although twenty of the forty-five articles of that Council dealt with the problem of heresy, it did not yet create a new and specific institution for this work. The local bishop remained the final judge, and had the power to commute sentences. 4

4. Lea, Henry Charles, The History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages, New York: Macmillan, 1908, vol. I, p. 310.

(Lea cites the 1229 Council of Toulouse as the foundation for the Inquisition, on page 359 of vol. I., as does Guiraud in The Medieval Inquisition, London: Burns Oates and Washbourne, 1929, on page 59.)

Source: The Inquisition, Hammer of Heresy, By Edward Burman, Copyright 1984, Published by Dorset Press, a division of Marboro Books Corp., by arrangement with Harper Collins Publishers, UK., ISBN 0-88029-909-6, pages 31, 32.

The clauses of the Peace of Paris and the decrees of a council held at Toulouse in November 1229 demonstrated that twenty years of crusading had not been very effective, since heresy was as much a concern as ever. The fact was that crusading, particularly when as episodic as this type was, could not eradicate deep-rooted heresy. It required the establishment of the inquisition in Toulouse in 1233 and the persistent pressure that such an instrument could bring to bear for headway to be made ...

Source: The Crusades, A Short History, by Jonathan Riley-Smith, Copyright 1987, published by Yale University Press, New Haven and London, ISBN 0-300-04700-2, pages 138, 139.

ITEM #3 THE COUNCIL OF TARRAGONA - 1234 A.D.

The Council of Tarragona of 1234, in its second canon, ruled that:

"No one may possess the books of the Old and New Testaments in the Romance language, and if anyone possesses them he must turn them over to the local bishop within eight days after promulgation of this decree, so that they may be burned lest, be he a cleric or a layman, he be suspected until he is cleared of all suspicion."

-D. Lortsch, Historie de la Bible en France, 1910, p.14.

See also: The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article on the Scripture.

ITEM #4 JOHN WYCLIFFE - MORNING STAR OF THE REFORMATION

John Wycliffe was the very first to translate the entire Bible into English, which he completed in 1382. Wycliffe translated from the Latin Vulgate. One copy of an original manuscript is in the Bodlein Library in Oxford, England. Wycliffe's Bibles were painstakingly reproduced by hand by copyists.

In 1408 the third synod of Oxford, England, banned unauthorized English translations of the Bible and decreed that possession of English translation's had to be approved by diocesan authorities. The Oxford council declared:

"It is dangerous, as St. Jerome declares, to translate the text of Holy Scriptures out of one idiom into another, since it is not easy in translations to preserve exactly the same meaning in all things. We therefore command and ordain that henceforth no one translate the text of Holy Scripture into English or any other language as a book, booklet, or tract, of this kind lately made in the time of the said John Wyclif or since, or that hereafter may be made, either in part or wholly, either publicly or privately, under pain of excommunication, until such translation shall have been approved and allowed by the Provincial Council. He who shall act otherwise let him be punished as an abettor of heresy and error."

Source: The Western Watchman, a Catholic newspaper published in St. Louis, August 9, 1894, "The Word of God", The English Bible Before the Reformation, page 7.

At the ecumenical Council of Constance, in 1415, Wycliffe was posthumously condemned by Arundel, the archbishop of Canterbury, as "that pestilent wretch of damnable heresy who invented a new translation of the scriptures in his mother tongue." By the decree of the Council, more that 40 years after his death, Wycliffe's bones were exhumed and publicly burned and the ashes were thrown into the Swift river.

Around 1454 Gutenberg printed an edition of the Latin Vulgate Bible on the first moveable-type printing press. With this new printing technology books could now be printed faster and cheaper than ever before, a fact that Protestants soon took advantage of. Within a hundred years there was a virtual explosion of Protestant Bibles coming off the new presses.

ITEM #5 THE BIBLE IN ENGLISH IS PRINTED

William Tyndale completed a translation of the New Testament from the Greek in 1525, which church authorities in England tried their best to confiscate and burn. After issuing a revised edition in 1535, he was arrested, spent over a year in jail, and was then strangled and burned at the stake near Brussels in October 6th, 1536. It is estimated today that some 90 percent of the New Testament in the 1611 King James Bible is the work of Tyndale. Tyndale was unable to complete his translation of the Old Testament before his death.

Miles Coverdale, an assistant to Tyndale, completed Tyndale's translation of the Old Testament using Martin Luther's German text and Latin as sources, and in Germany he printed the first complete Bible in English on October 4, 1535.

Matthew's Bible, a composite of the work of Tyndale and Coverdale, probably edited by John Rogers, was published in 1537 under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew", and was the second complete edition of the Bible printed in English.

Coverdale's "Great Bible", called that because of its size, was published in 1539 and had over 21,000 copies printed in seven editions in only a single year. Working under the patronage of Thomas Cromwell, Coverdale had submitted his Bible via the Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer, and it was published with the authorization of King Henry VIII, whose likely motivation was the realization that the Bible was an effective means of combating papists. Amazingly, at the end of the book of Malachi were the initials W.T., covering half a page, standing for William Tyndale! Beginning with the second edition, the Great Bible included a preface by Thomas Cranmer, and so it is also called Cranmer's Bible.

The English parliament in 1543 passed a law forbidding the use of any English translations other than the "Great Bible". Tyndale's New Testament was specifically prohibited, and later Wycliffe's and Coverdale's Bibles were also banned. It was decreed a crime for any unlicensed person to read or explain the Scriptures in public. Many copies of Tyndale's New Testament and Coverdale's Bible were burned in London, though ironically, the authorized "Great Bible" contained the work of both men!

In 1557 the Geneva Bible was first published, which continued to be popular even years after the King James was available. The Geneva Bible was the version in use during Shakespeare's time, and was often quoted by him in his plays.

In 1559 Queen Elizabeth, a Protestant, decreed that a copy of the Bishop's Bible be placed in every parish church. The Bishop's Bible was printed in 20 editions over 42 years and was the basis for the King James Bible.

Responding to the increasing flood of Protestant Bibles in English, the very first complete Bible in English to be produced by the Catholic Church was the Douay Rheims, a translation from the Latin Vulgate, which was finally completed in the early 17th century. The New Testament was begun in 1578 and finished in Rheims France in 1582, and the Old Testament was finished in 1609-10 in Douay. Note that it had been over two centuries since Wycliffe had completed his English Bible!

In an attempt to combat the swiftly rising tide of Protestantism, the Catholic Church began maintaining lists of the prohibited books which were to be confiscated. Here is an example from England:

Memorandum of a proclamation made at Paul's Cross on the first Sunday in Advent, 1531, against the buying, selling or reading of the following books:

The disputation between father and the son.
The supplication of beggars.
The revelation of AntiChrist.
Liber qui de veteri et novicio Deo inscribitur.
Precaciones.
Economica christiana.
The burying of the mass, in English rhyme.
An exposition into the VII chapter of the Corinthians.
The matrimony of Tyndal.
A B C against the clergy.
Ortulus animae, in English.
A book against Saint Thomas of Canterbury.
A book made by Friar Reye against the seven sacraments.
An answer of Tyndal to Sir Thomas More's dialogue, in English.
A disputation of purgatory, made by John Frythe.
The first book of Moses, called Genesis.
A prologue in the second book of Moses, called Exodus.
A prologue in the third book of Moses, called Leviticus.
A prologue in the fourth book of Moses, called Numeri.
A prologue in the fifth book of Moses, called Deuteronomy.
The practice of prelates.
The New Testament in English, with an introduction to the epistle to the Romans.
The parable of the wicked Mammon.
The obedience of a Christian man.
The book of Thorpe or of John Oldecastell.
The sum of scripture.
The primer in English.
The psalter in English.
A dialogue between the gentlemen and the plowman.
Jonas in English.

Calendar of State Papers V, 18.

Source: The Reformation, by Hans J. Hillerbrand, copyright 1964 by SCM Press Ltd and Harper and Row, Inc., Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 64-15480, page 473.

ITEM #6 THE BIBLE PROHIBITED BY THE INDEX LIBRORUM PROHIBITORUM

Pope Pius IV had a list of the forbidden books compiled and officially prohibited them in the Index of Trent (Index Librorum Prohibitorum) of 1559. This is an excerpt:

Rule I

All books which were condemned prior to 1515 by popes or ecumenical councils, and are not listed in this Index, are to stand condemned in the original fashion.

Rule II

Books of arch-heretics - those who after 1515 have invented or incited heresy or who have been or still are heads and leaders of heretics, such as Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, Hubmaier, Schwenckfeld, and the like — whatever their name, title or argumentation — are prohibited without exception. As far as other heretics are concerned, only those books are condemned without exception which deal ex professo with religion. Others will be permitted after Catholic theologians have examined and approved them by the order of bishops and inquisitors. Likewise, Catholic books written by those who subsequently fell into heresy or by those who after their lapse returned into the bosom of the Church can be permitted after approval by a theological faculty or the inquisition.

Rule III

Translations of older works, including the church fathers, made by condemned authors, are permitted if they contain nothing against sound doctrine. However, translations of books of the Old Testament may be allowed by the judgment of bishops for the use of learned and pious men only. These translations are to elucidate the Vulgate so that Sacred Scripture can be understood, but they are not to be considered as a sacred text. Translations of the New Testament made by authors of the first sections in this Index are not to be used at all, since too little usefulness and too much danger attends such reading.

Rule IV

Since experience teaches that, if the reading of the Holy Bible in the vernacular is permitted generally without discrimination, more damage than advantage will result because of the boldness of men, the judgment of bishops and inquisitors is to serve as guide in this regard. Bishops and inquisitors may, in accord with the counsel of the local priest and confessor, allow Catholic translations of the Bible to be read by those of whom they realize that such reading will not lead to the detriment but to the increase of faith and piety. The permission is to be given in writing. Whoever reads or has such a translation in his possession without this permission cannot be absolved from his sins until he has turned in these Bibles ...

Rule VI

Books in the vernacular dealing with the controversies between Catholics and the heretics of our time are not to be generally permitted, but are to be handled in the same way as Bible translations. ...

Die Indices Librorum Prohibitorum des sechzehnten
Jahrhunderts (Tübingen, 1886), page 246f.

Source: The Reformation, by Hans J. Hillerbrand, copyright 1964 by SCM Press Ltd and Harper and Row, Inc., Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 64-15480, pages 474, 475.

ITEM #7 POPE CLEMENT XI ON READING SCRIPTURE

From UNIGENITUS, The Dogmatic Constitution issued by Pope Clement XI on Sept. 8, 1713:

The following statements are condemned as being error:

79. It is useful and necessary at all times, in all places, and for every kind of person, to study and to know the spirit, the piety, and the mysteries of Sacred Scripture.
80. The reading of Sacred Scripture is for all.
81. The sacred obscurity of the Word of God is no reason for the laity to dispense themselves from reading it.
82. The Lord's Day ought to be sanctified by Christians with readings of pious works and above all of the Holy Scriptures. It is harmful for a Christian to wish to withdraw from this reading.
83. It is an illusion to persuade oneself that knowledge of the mysteries of religion should not be communicated to women by the reading of Sacred Scriptures. Not from the simplicity of women, but from the proud knowledge of men has arisen the abuse of the Scriptures and have heresies been born.
84. To snatch away from the hands of Christians the New Testament, or to hold it closed against them by taking away from them the means of understanding it, is to close for them the mouth of Christ.
85. To forbid Christians to read Sacred Scripture, especially the Gospels, is to forbid the use of light to the sons of light, and to cause them to suffer a kind of excommunication.

ITEM #8 POPE PIUS VI ON READING SCRIPTURE

From the Constitution Auctorem fidei, Aug. 28, 1794, of Pope Pius VI:

[D. Errors] Concerning Duties, Practices, Rules Pertaining to Religious Worship.

The Reading of Sacred Scripture
[From the note at the end of the decree on grace]

[p. 390]
1567 67. The doctrine asserting that "only a true impotence excuses" from the reading of the Sacred Scriptures, adding, moreover, that there is produced the obscurity which arises from a neglect of this precept in regard to the primary truths of religion,—false, rash, disturbing to the peace of souls, condemned elsewhere in Quesnel [Unigenitus, quoted above].

Errors of the Synod of Pistoia, Condemned in the Constitution Auctorem fidei, Aug. 28, 1794, Denzinger, The Sources of Catholic Dogma, Translated by Roy J. Deferrari, from the Thirtieth Edition of Henry Denzinger's Enchiridion Symbolorum, published by B. Herder Book Co., Copyright 1957, page 390.

ITEM #9 POPE LEO XII CONDEMNS VERNACULAR BIBLES AS HARMFUL

From the Encyclical UBI PRIMUM of POPE LEO XII, MAY 5, 1824:

17. You have noticed a society, commonly called the Bible society, boldly spreading throughout the whole world. Rejecting the traditions of the holy Fathers and infringing the well-known decree of the Council of Trent,[16] it works by every means to have the holy Bible translated, or rather mistranslated, into the ordinary languages of every nation. There are good reasons for fear that (as has already happened in some of their commentaries and in other respects by a distorted interpretation of Christ's gospel) they will produce a gospel of men, or what is worse, a gospel of the devil![17]

18. To prevent this evil, Our predecessors published many constitutions. Most recently Pius VII wrote two briefs, one to Ignatius, Archbishop of Gniezno, the other to Stanislaus, Archbishop of Mohileu, quoting carefully and wisely many passages from the sacred writings and from the tradition to show how harmful to faith and morals this wretched undertaking is.

19. In virtue of Our apostolic office, We too exhort you to try every means of keeping your flock from those deadly pastures. Do everything possible to see that the faithful observe strictly the rules of our Congregation of the Index. Convince them that to allow holy Bibles in the ordinary language, wholesale and without distinction, would on account of human rashness cause more harm than good.

ITEM #10 POPE PIUS VIII ON UNAUTHORIZED VERNACULAR BIBLES

From the encyclical TRADITI HUMILITATI of Pope Pius VIII, May 24, 1829

5. We must also be wary of those who publish the Bible with new interpretations contrary to the Church's laws. They skillfully distort the meaning by their own interpretation. They print the Bibles in the vernacular and, absorbing an incredible expense, offer them free even to the uneducated. Furthermore, the Bibles are rarely without perverse little inserts to insure that the reader imbibes their lethal poison instead of the saving water of salvation. Long ago the Apostolic See warned about this serious hazard to the faith and drew up a list of the authors of these pernicious notions. The rules of this Index were published by the Council of Trent;[8] the ordinance required that translations of the Bible into the vernacular not be permitted without the approval of the Apostolic See and further required that they be published with commentaries from the Fathers. The sacred Synod of Trent had decreed[9] in order to restrain impudent characters, that no one, relying on his own prudence in matters of faith and of conduct which concerns Christian doctrine, might twist the sacred Scriptures to his own opinion, or to an opinion contrary to that of the Church or the popes. Though such machinations against the Catholic faith had been assailed long ago by these canonical proscriptions, Our recent predecessors made a special effort to check these spreading evils.[10] With these arms may you too strive to fight the battles of the Lord which endanger the sacred teachings, lest this deadly virus spread in your flock.


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ITEM #11 POPE GREGORY XVI CONDEMNS BIBLE SOCIETIES, VERNACULAR BIBLES

From the encyclical star.gif INTER PRAECIPUAS (On Biblical Societies) by Pope Gregory XVI, May 8, 1844:

1. Among the special schemes with which non-Catholics plot against the adherents of Catholic truth to turn their minds away from the faith, the biblical societies are prominent. They were first established in England and have spread far and wide so that We now see them as an army on the march, conspiring to publish in great numbers copies of the books of divine Scripture. These are translated into all kinds of vernacular languages for dissemination without discrimination among both Christians and infidels. Then the biblical societies invite everyone to read them unguided. Therefore it is just as Jerome complained in his day: they make the art of understanding the Scriptures without a teacher" common to babbling old women and crazy old men and verbose sophists," and to anyone who can read, no matter what his status. Indeed, what is even more absurd and almost unheard of, they do not exclude the common people of the infidels from sharing this kind of a knowledge.

4. Moreover, regarding the translation of the Bible into the vernacular, even many centuries ago bishops in various places have at times had to exercise greater vigilance when they became aware that such translations were being read in secret gatherings or were being distributed by heretics. Innocent III issued warnings concerning the secret gatherings of laymen and women, under the pretext of piety, for the reading of Scripture in the diocese of Metz.[12] There was also a special prohibition of Scripture translations promulgated either in Gaul a little later[13] or in Spain before the sixteenth century.[14]

[Footnote #13: Council of Toulouse (1229), can. 14., as listed at the beginning of this article]

11. ... We again condemn all the above-mentioned biblical societies of which our predecessors disapproved. ... Besides We confirm and renew by Our apostolic authority the prescriptions listed and published long ago concerning the publication, dissemination, reading, and possession of vernacular translations of sacred Scriptures.

12. ... In particular, watch more carefully over those who are assigned to give public readings of holy scripture, so that they function diligently in their office within the comprehension of the audience; under no pretext whatsoever should they dare to explain and interpret the divine writings contrary to the tradition of the Fathers or the interpretation of the Catholic Church.


ITEM #12 POPE PIUS IX DECLARES BIBLE SOCIETIES "PESTS"

On December 8, 1866, Pope Pius IX, in his encyclical star.gif QUANTA CURA,issued a star.gif syllabus of eighty errors under ten different headings. Under heading IV, we find listed:

IV. Socialism, Communism, Secret Societies, Biblical Societies, Clerico-Liberal Societies

Pests of this kind are frequently reprobated in the severest terms in the
Encyclical star.gif Qui pluribusNov. 9, 1846, (See #13-14):

13. You already know well, venerable brothers, the other portentous errors and deceits by which the sons of this world try most bitterly to attack the Catholic religion and the divine authority of the Church and its laws. They would even trample underfoot the rights both of the sacred and of the civil power. For this is the goal of the lawless activities against this Roman See in which Christ placed the impregnable foundation of His Church. This is the goal of those secret sects who have come forth from the darkness to destroy and desolate both the sacred and the civil commonwealth. These have been condemned with repeated anathema in the Apostolic letters of the Roman Pontiffs who preceded Us[15] We now confirm these with the fullness of Our Apostolic power and command that they be most carefully observed.

14. This is the goal too of the crafty Bible Societies which renew the old skill of the heretics and ceaselessly force on people of all kinds, even the uneducated, gifts of the Bible. They issue these in large numbers and at great cost, in vernacular translations, which infringe the holy rules of the Church. The commentaries which are included often contain perverse explanations; so, having rejected divine tradition, the doctrine of the Fathers and the authority of the Catholic Church, they all interpret the words of the Lord by their own private judgment, thereby perverting their meaning. As a result, they fall into the greatest errors. Gregory XVI of happy memory, Our superior predecessor, followed the lead of his own predecessors in rejecting these societies in his apostolic letters.[16] It is Our will to condemn them likewise.

Allocution Quibus quantisque, April 20, 1849,
Encyclical star.gif Noscitis et nobiscumDec. 8, 1849, (See #14):

14. The crafty enemies of the Church and human society attempt to seduce the people in many ways. One of their chief methods is the misuse of the new technique of book-production. They are wholly absorbed in the ceaseless daily publication and proliferation of impious pamphlets, newspapers and leaflets which are full of lies, calumnies and seduction. Furthermore, under the protection of the Bible Societies which have long since been condemned by this Holy See,[7] they distribute to the faithful under the pretext of religion, the holy bible in vernacular translations. Since these infringe the Church's rules,[8] they are consequently subverted and most daringly twisted to yield a vile meaning. So you realize very well what vigilant and careful efforts you must make to inspire in your faithful people an utter horror of reading these pestilential books. Remind them explicitly with regard to divine scripture that no man, relying on his own wisdom, is able to claim the privilege of rashly twisting the scriptures to his own meaning in opposition to the meaning which holy mother Church holds and has held. It was the Church alone that Christ commissioned to guard the deposit of the faith and to decide the true meaning and interpretation of the divine pronouncements.[9]

Allocution Singulari quadam, Dec. 9, 1854,
Encyclical star.gif Quanto conficiamur (On Promotion Of False Doctrines), August 10, 1863.


ITEM #13 THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH THE ONLY TRUE GUIDE TO SCRIPTURE

14. ... Wherefore it must be recognized that the sacred writings are wrapt in a certain religious obscurity, and that no one can enter into their interior without a guide[32]; God so disposing, as the Holy Fathers commonly teach, in order that men may investigate them with greater ardor and earnestness, and that what is attained with difficulty may sink more deeply into the mind and heart; and, most of all, that they may understand that God has delivered the Holy Scriptures to the Church, and that in reading and making use of His Word, they must follow the Church as their guide and their teacher. ... the Council of the Vatican, which, in renewing the decree of Trent declares its "mind" to be this—that "in things of faith and morals, belonging to the building up of Christian doctrine, that is to be considered the true sense of Holy Scripture which has been held and is held by our Holy Mother the Church, whose place it is to judge of the true sense and interpretation of the Scriptures; and therefore that it is permitted to no one to interpret Holy Scripture against such sense or also against the unanimous agreement of the Fathers."[34] ... Hence it follows that all interpretation is foolish and false which either makes the sacred writers disagree one with another, or is opposed to the doctrine of the Church.

15. ... But it is most unbecoming to pass by, in ignorance or contempt, the excellent work which Catholics have left in abundance, and to have recourse to the works of non-Catholics—and to seek in them, to the detriment of sound doctrine and often to the peril of faith, the explanation of passages on which Catholics long ago have successfully employed their talent and their labor. For although the studies of non-Catholics, used with prudence, may sometimes be of use to the Catholic student, he should, nevertheless, bear well in mind—as the Fathers also teach in numerous passages[41]—that the sense of Holy Scripture can nowhere be found incorrupt out side of the Church, and cannot be expected to be found in writers who, being without the true faith, only gnaw the bark of the Sacred Scripture, and never attain its pith.

Source: star.gif PROVIDENTISSIMUS DEUS (On the Study of Holy Scripture), Encyclical of Pope Leo XIII promulgated on 18 November 1893.


ITEM #14 POPE LEO XIII PROHIBITS NON-CATHOLIC BIBLES

From Leo XIII, Apostolic Constitution Officiorum ac Munerum, Jan. 25, 1897, art. 1., "Of the Prohibition of Books," chaps. 2,3, trans. in the Great Encyclical Letters of Pope Leo XIII (New York: Benziger, 1903):

[p. 412]

CHAPTER II.
Of Editions of the Original Text of Holy Scripture and of Versions not in the Vernacular.

5. Editions of the original text and of the ancient Catholic versions of Holy Scripture, as well as those of the Eastern Church, if published by non-Catholics, even though apparently edited in a faithful and complete manner, are allowed only to those engaged in theological and biblical studies, provided also that the dogmas of Catholic faith are not impugned in the prolegomena or annotations.

6. In the same manner, and under the same conditions, other versions of the Holy Bible, whether in Latin or in any other dead language, published by non-Catholics, are permitted.

CHAPTER III.
Of Vernacular Versions of Holy Scripture.

7. As it has been clearly shown by experience that, if the Holy Bible in the vernacular is generally permitted without any distinction, more harm that utility is thereby [p. 413] caused, owing to human temerity: all versions in the vernacular, even by Catholics, are altogether prohibited, unless approved by the Holy See, or published, under the vigilant care of the bishops, with annotations taken from the Fathers of the Church and learned Catholic writers.

8. All versions of the Holy Bible, in any vernacular language, made by non-Catholics are prohibited; and especially those published by the Bible societies, which have been more that once condemned by the Roman Pontiffs, because in them the wise laws of the Church concerning the publication of the sacred books are entirely disregarded.
Nevertheless, these versions are permitted to students of theological or biblical science, under the conditions laid down above (No. 5)


ITEM #15 OUR SUNDAY VISITOR ON BANNING VERNACULAR BIBLES

Is it not an historical fact that the church forbade the reading of the Bible in the vernacular?

It is and it is not. The Church never issued a general prohibition that made the reading of the Bible in the vernacular unlawful; but at various time she laid down certain conditions regarding the matter, which had to be observed by the faithful, so that they might notwrest the Scriptures to their own destruction. It was not until the Albigenses, the Wyclifites, and later on the Protestants, issued editions of the Bible that bristled with mistranslations, and the most arbitrary changes of the original text, that the Church made stringent regulations in regard to the reading of the Scriptures. These regulations did not make Bible reading unlawful, but required that only approved editions, well supplied with explanatory notes taken from the writings of the Early Fathers, should be used. In this matter, as in so many others, Protestants failed to distinguish between the actions of the Church and the actions of the Provincial Synods. It is indeed true that the Synod of Toulouse, in 1229, the Synod of Tarragona, 1233, and the Synod of Oxford, in 1408, issued formal prohibitions against the reading of the Bible by the laity, but these prohibitions had only a local application, and were revoked as soon as the danger that threatened the faith in these localities had passed. The Church's legislation in the matter of Bible reading was never prohibitive, but only tended to the enactment of such restrictions as the common good evidently required.

Source: star.gif Our Sunday Visitor, July 5th, 1914, of Huntington Indiana, page 3, Bureau of Information.


ITEM #16 THE 1918 CODE OF CANON LAW ON CENSORSHIP AND PROHIBITING BOOKS

The previous Code of Canon Law, quoted here, went into effect in 1918, and was superceded in 1983:
(boldface numbers are paragraph numbers, the Canon numbers are in parenthesis)

TITLE XXIII.
Censorship and Prohibition of Books.

1227. The Church has the right to rule that Catholics shall not publish any books unless they have first been subjected to the approval of the Church, and to forbid for a good reason the faithful to read certain books, no matter by whom they are published.
The rules of this title concerning books are to be applied also to daily papers, periodicals, and any other publication, unless the contrary is clear from the Canons. (Canon 1384).

CHAPTER I.
Censorship of Books.

1128. Without previous ecclesiastical approval even laymen are not allowed to publish:
1. the books of Holy Scripture, or annotations and commentaries of the same;
2. books treating of Sacred Scripture, theology, Church history, Canon Law, natural theology, ethics, and other sciences concerning religion and morals. Furthermore, prayer books, pamphlets and books of devotion, of religious teaching, either moral, ascetic, or mystic, and any writing in general in which there is anything that has a special bearing on religion or morality;
3. sacred images reproduced in any manner, either with or without prayers.
The permission to publish books and images spoken of in this Canon may be given either by the proper Ordinary of the author, or by the Ordinary of the place where they are published, or by the Ordinary of the place where they are printed; if, however, any one of the Ordinaries who has a right to give approval refuses it, the author cannot ask of another unless he informs him of the refusal of the Ordinary first requested.
The religious must, moreover, first obtain permission from their major superior. (Canon 1385.)

1234. Translations of the Holy Scriptures in the vernacular languages may not be published unless they are either approved by the Holy See, or they are published, under the the supervision of the bishop, with annotations chiefly taken from the holy Fathers of the Church and learned Catholic writers. (Canon 1391.)

1241. The prohibition of books has this effect that the forbidden books may not without permission be published, read, retained, sold, nor translated into another language, nor made known to others in any way.
The book which has in any way been forbidden may not again be published except after the demanded corrections have been made and the authority which forbade the book, or his superior, or successor, has given permission. (Canon 1398.)

1242. By the very law are forbidden:
1. editions of the original text, or of ancient Catholic versions, of the Sacred Scriptures, also of the Oriental Church, published by non-Catholics; likewise any translation in any language made or published by them;
2. books of any writers defending heresy or schism, or tending in any way to undermine the foundations of religion;
3. books which purposely fight against religion and good morals;
4. books of any non-Catholic treating professedly of religion unless it is certain that nothing is contained therein against the Catholic faith;
5. books on the holy Scriptures or on religious subjects which have been published without the permission required by Canons 1385, § 1, nn. 1, and 1391; books and leaflets which bring an account of new apparitions, revelations, visions, prophecies, miracles, or introduce new devotions even though under the pretext that they are private; if these books, etc., are published against the rules of the Canons;
6. books which attack or ridicule any of the Catholic dogmas, books which defend errors condemned by the Holy See, or which disparage Divine worship, or tend to undermine ecclesiastical discipline, or which purposely insult the ecclesiastical hierarchy, or the clerical and religious states; ... (Canon 1399.)

Source: THE NEW CANON LAW, A commentary and Summary of the New Code of Canon Law, by Rev. Stanislaus Woywod, O.F.M., Published and Copyright, 1918, by Joseph F. Wagner, New York, pages 282-289.


ITEM #17 INDEX OF PROHIBITED BOOKS OF 1930

From Cardinal Merry de Val, "Forward," in the Index of Prohibited Books, revised and published by order of His Holiness Pope Pius XI (new ed.; [Vatican City]: Vatican Polyglot Press, 1930), pp. ix-xi:

[p. ix] What many, indeed fail to appreciate, and what, moreover non-Catholics consider a grave abuse — as they put it of the Roman Curia, is the action of the Church in hindering the printing and circulation of Holy Writ in the vernacular. Fundamentally however, this ac- [p. x] cusation is based on calumny. During the first twelve centuries Christians were highly familiar with the text of Holy Scripture, as is evident from the homilies of the Fathers and the sermons of the mediaeval preachers; nor did the ecclesiastical authorities ever intervene to prevent this. It was only in consequence of heretical abuses, introduced particularly by the Waldenses, the Albigenses, the followers of Wyclif, and by Protestants broadly speaking (who with sacrilegious mutilations of Scripture and arbitrary interpretations vainly sought to justify themselves in the eyes of the people; twisting the text of the Bible to support erroneous doctrines condemned by the whole history of the Church) that the Pontiffs and the Councils were obliged on more than one occasion to control and sometimes even forbid the use of the Bible in the vernacular...
[p. xi] Those who would put the Scriptures indiscriminately into the hands of the people are the believers always in private interpretation — a fallacy both absurd in itself and pregnant with disastrous consequences. These counterfeit champions of the inspired book hold the Bible to be the sole source of Divine Revelation and cover with abuse and trite sarcasm the Catholic and Roman Church.


ITEM #18 CURRENT CODE OF CANON LAW ON VERNACULAR BIBLES

The current Code of Canon Law, which went into effect in 1983, reads as follows:

Can. 825 § 1. Books of the Sacred Scriptures cannot be published unless they have been approved either by the Apostolic See or by the conference of bishops; for their vernacular translations to be published it is required that they likewise be approved by the same authority and also annotated with necessary and sufficient explanations.

§ 2. With the permission of the conference of bishops Catholic members of the Christian faithful can collaborate with separated brothers and sisters in preparing and publishing translations of the Sacred Scriptures annotated with appropriate explanations.

Source: Code of Canon Law, Latin-English Edition, copyright 1983 by Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City, published by the Canon Law Society of America, Washington DC 20064, ISBN: 0-943616-19-0, page 309.


This is by no means a complete list, but it is what I have for the moment. Far from championing the spread of the Bible, and the translation into the vernacular, the Catholic Church has a history of repression and censorship in this regard. It was really the combination of the reformation and the advent of the printing press that "let the cat out of the bag." It seems that Bibles could be printed faster than they (and their authors or owners) could be burned. Since Catholicism could no longer contain the Bible and keep it out of the hands of the laity, the issue has become one of authority to interpret.

For those Catholics who continue to maintain that the Roman Catholic Church was justified in seizing and burning "faulty" vernacular Bibles, and that grave errors in translation were the primary reason for destroying them, I offer the following challenge:

Tyndale's Bible has recently been republished by David Daniell and Yale University Press and can still be found at some bookstores. Tyndale's New Testament is 0-300-04419-4 for the hardback and 0-300-06580-9 for the paperback. Tyndale's Old Testament in hardback is ISBN 0-300-05211-1. Mr. Daniell has updated the spelling but remained faithful to the original text.

The Geneva Bible's 1602 New Testament has also been reprinted in facsimile by Pilgrim Classic Commentaries in 1989 from an original in the Cambridge University Library. The ISBN is 0-8298-0789-6 for the hardback and ISBN 0-8298-0785-3 for the paperback.

The 1611 Authorized Version (King James) Bible has also been reprinted word-for-word with original spelling by Thomas Nelson Publishers in 1993.

In addition, to my knowledge, the Roman Catholic Church was unsuccessful in completely destroying all copies of any "heretical" reformation era vernacular translations of the Bible. Despite their diligence, there are surviving copies existing today that can be studied. I therefore challenge Catholics to produce Catholic documents from the reformation period that cite and explain in detail the grave "errors" in vernacular Protestant Bibles, that warranted not only their destruction, but also frequently the death of the author, as well as those found in possession of said Bibles. It would seem that any charge of grave translation "errors" can still be verified by almost anyone today from either original editions or facsimile reprints. So mere claims of faulty vernacular Bibles proves absolutely nothing without providing citations of the exact verse and Bible edition where the alleged error occurs.

I maintain that the objections of the Catholic church to the various attempts to produce a Bible in the vernacular, were not that of faulty translations (although that claim was made), but rather that of "unauthorized heretical" interpretations that resulted from widespread publication and the laity finally being able to read the entire Bible for themselves in their own tongue, as noted in the various items above. The laity was then able to discern the truth for themselves, and the biblical truth was often at odds with Catholic teaching. Dissent flourished with the availability of the Bible, and so persecution of these heretics increased as well, in an attempt by the church to maintain control and assert her presumed authority. It is a sad chapter in history that is quite well documented.



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