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Post Info TOPIC: Israel - Hebrew


Guru

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Israel - Hebrew
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Hebrew language West Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Israelites and their ancestors, although the language was not referred to by the name Hebrew in the Tanakh.[note 2] The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE.[11] Today, Hebrew is spoken by a total of 9 million people worldwide.

In the Bible, the Hebrew language is called Yәhudit (יהודית) because Judah (Yәhuda) was the surviving kingdom at the time of the quotation (late 8th century BCE (Is 36, 2 Kings 18)). In Isaiah 19:18 it is called the "Language of Canaan" (שפת כנען).

 

In July 2008 Israeli archaeologist Yossi Garfinkel discovered a ceramic shard at Khirbet Qeiyafa which he claimed may be the earliest Hebrew writing yet discovered, dating around 3000 years ago.[19][20] Hebrew University archaeologist Amihai Mazar said that the inscription was “proto-Canaanite" but cautioned that, "The differentiation between the scripts, and between the languages themselves in that period, remains unclear,” and suggested that calling the text Hebrew might be going too far.[21]

 

 



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As Old Aramaic had served as a lingua franca in the Neo-Assyrian Empire from the 8th century BCE,[1] linguistic contact with even the oldest stages of Biblical Hebrew are easily accounted for.

In 2 Kings 18:26, the linguistic situation is directly referred to, as Jerusalem (during the reign of Hezekiah) was besieged by the army of Sennacherib in 701 BCE. The 2 Kings account sets the meeting of the ambassadors of both camps just outside the city walls. Hezekiah's envoys pleaded that the Assyrians make terms in Aramaic so that the people listening would not understand. Thus, Aramaic had become the language of international dialogue, but not of the common people.

During the Babylonian exile, Aramaic became the language spoken by the Jews, and the Aramaic square script replaced the Paleo-Hebrew alphabet.[2] After the Persian Empire'scapture of Babylon, it became the language of culture and learning. King Darius I declared[3] that Aramaic was to be the official language of the western half of his empire in 500 BCE, and it is this Imperial Aramaic language that forms the basis of Biblical Aramaic.



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Israel

Area
 - Total20,770 / 22,072[note 1] km2(153rd)
8,019 / 8,522 sq mi
 - Water (%)2.12 (440 km2 / 170 mi2)
Population
 - 2014 estimate8,238,300[1] (96th)
 - 2008 census7,412,200[2] (99th)
 - Density387.63/km2 (34th)
1,004.00/sq mi
GDP (PPP)2015 estimate
 - Total$281.757 billion[3]
 - Per capita$33,658[3] (25th)

  

India

Area
 - Total3,287,590[7] km2 (7th)
1,269,346 sq mi
 - Water (%)9.6
Population
 - 2015 estimate1,276,267,000[8] (2nd)
 - 2011 census1,210,193,422[9] (2nd)
 - Density384.6/km2 (31st)
996.1/sq mi
GDP (PPP)2015 estimate
 - Total$8.027 trillion[10] (3rd)
 - Per capita$6,209[10] (124th)

Tamil Nadu 

Area
 • Total130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi)
Area rank11th
Population (2011)[1]
 • Total72,147,030
 • Rank6th
 • Density550/km2 (1,400/sq mi)

 

 



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Aramaic language 

Aramaic (ArāmāyāClassical Syriacܐܪܡܝܐ) is a family of languages or dialects belonging to the Semitic family. More specifically, it is part of the Northwest Semitic subfamily, which also includes Canaanite languages such as Hebrew and Phoenician. The Aramaic script was widely adopted for other languages and is ancestral to both the Arabic and modern Hebrew alphabets.

Aramaic has served variously as a language of administration of empires and as a language of divine worship. It became the lingua franca of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–605 BC), Neo-Babylonian Empire(605–539 BC), the Achaemenid Empire (539–323 BC), the Parthian Empire (247 BC–224 AD), and the Sasanian Empire (224–651), of the Neo-Assyrian states of AssurAdiabeneOsroene and Hatra, the Aramean state of Palmyra, and the day-to-day language ofYehud Medinata and of Judaea (539 BC – 70 AD). It was the language that Jesus supposedly used the most,[3][4][5] the language of large sections of the biblical books of Daniel and Ezra, as well as the main language of the Talmud. Aramaic was also the original language of the Bahrani people of Eastern Arabia,[6] and of the Mandeans and their Gnostic religion, Mandeanism, as well as the language of the once widespread but now extinct Manichaean religion. 



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